nginx: Setup SSL Reverse Proxy (Load Balanced SSL Proxy)

Areverse proxy is a proxy server that is installed in a server network. Typically, reverse proxies are used in front of Web servers such as Apache, IIS, and Lighttpd. How do I setup nginx web server as SSL reverse proxy?

When you've multiple backend web servers, encryption / SSL acceleration can be done by a reverse proxy. Nginx can act as SSL acceleration software. It provided the following benefits:

Easy of use : Nginx is easy to setup and upgrade.

Security : Nginx provide an additional layer of defense as Apache is behind the proxy. It can protect against common web-based attacks too.

Load Distribution : nginx use very little memory and can distribute the load to several Apache servers. It can even rewrite urls on fly.

Caching : Nginx act as a reverse proxy which offload the Web servers by caching static content, such as images, css, js, static html pages and much more.

Compression : Nginx can optimize and compress the content to speed up the load time.

Our Sample Setup

Internet--
         |
    =============                               |---- apache1 (192.168.1.15)
    | ISP Router|                               |
    =============                               |---- apache2 (192.168.1.16)
         |                                      |
         |                                      |---- db1 (192.168.1.17)
         |      |eth0 -> 192.168.1.11 ----------/
         |-lb0==|                          /
         |      |eth1 -> 202.54.1.1:443---/
         |
         |      |eth0 -> 192.168.1.10 ----------\
         |-lb1==|                          /    |---- apache1 (192.168.1.15)
                |eth1 -> 202.54.1.1:443---/     |
                                                |---- apache2 (192.168.1.16)
                                                |
                                                |---- db1 (192.168.1.17)

• lb0 - Linux box directly connected to the Internet via eth1. This is master SSL load balancer.
• lb1 - Linux box directly connected to the Internet via eth1. This is backup SSL load balancer. This will become active if master networking failed.
• 202.54.1.1 A virtual IP address that moves between lb0 and lb1. It is managed by keepalived.
• nginx - It is installed on lb0 and lb1.
• SSL Certificate - You need to install ssl certificates on lb0 and lb1.

For demonstration purpose I'm going to use Self-signed SSL certificate, but you can use real SSL certificate signed by CAs.

+------+ +-------------+        +-------------------+
|Client|  <---> |SSL-Nginx:443| <----> |Apache-HTTP_mode:80|
+------+        +-------------+        +-------------------+

• You've the SSL connection between client and Nginx.
• Then Nginx act as proxy server and makes unencrypted connection to Apache at port 80.
• Nginx can cache all static file and other files.

Generating Self-signed Certificate

First, create required directories:
# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf
# mkdir ssl
# cd ssl
To create a private key, enter:
# openssl genrsa -des3 -out nixcraft.in.key 1024
Sample outputs:

Fig.01: OpenSSL - Create a Private Key

To create a CSR (Certificate Signing Request):
# openssl req -new -key nixcraft.in.key -out nixcraft.in.csr
Sample outputs:

Fig.02: OpenSSL - Create a CSR (Certificate Signing Request)

Please enter your domain name that you want to associate with the certificate. For example, for the Command Name I entered nixcraft.in as I'm going to use https://nixcraft.in/.

How Do I Remove The Passphrase? (Optional)

You can remove the passphrase so nginx can start on boot without entering the passphrase. Type the following commands
# cp nixcraft.in.key nixcraft.in.key.bak
# openssl rsa -in nixcraft.in.key.bak -out nixcraft.in.key
Finally, you should see three files as follows (note I've created all files as vivek user and than moved lb0 and lb1 server /usr/local/ngnix/conf/ssl/ directory):
# ls -l
Sample outputs:

Fig.03: All the files in ssl directory

# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in nixcraft.in.csr -signkey nixcraft.in.key -out nixcraft.in.crt
Sample outputs:

Fig.04: Generating The Actual Self-signed SSL Certificate

How Do I Copy SSL Certificates Files To lb1?

You need to copy those files to lb1, enter:
# ssh root@lb1 mkdir /usr/local/ngnix/conf/ssl
# rsync -av /usr/local/ngnix/conf/ssl/* root@lb1:/usr/local/ngnix/conf/ssl/

Configure Nginx As SSL Reverse Proxy (lb0 and lb1)

Edit nginx.conf, enter (you need to edit files on both lb0 and lb1):
# vi /usr/local/ngnix/conf/nginx.conf
Edit / append as follows:

 
server {
 ### server port and name ###
        listen          443 ssl;
        server_name     nixcraft.in;
 
 ### SSL log files ###
        access_log      logs/ssl-access.log;
        error_log       logs/ssl-error.log;
 
 ### SSL cert files ###
        ssl_certificate      ssl/nixcraft.in.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key  ssl/nixcraft.in.key;
 ### Add SSL specific settings here ###
        keepalive_timeout    60;
 
 ###  Limiting Ciphers ########################
        # Uncomment as per your setup
 #ssl_ciphers HIGH:!ADH;
        #ssl_perfer_server_ciphers on;
        #ssl_protocols SSLv3;
        ##############################################
 ### We want full access to SSL via backend ###
      location / {
         proxy_pass  http://nixcraft;
  ### force timeouts if one of backend is died ##
         proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_502 http_503;
 
  ### Set headers ####
         proxy_set_header Host $host;
         proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
         proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
 
  ### Most PHP, Python, Rails, Java App can use this header ###
         proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https;
 
  ### By default we don't want to redirect it ####
         proxy_redirect     off;
      }
 

Save and close the file. Reload nginx:
# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
Verify port is opened:
# netstat -tulpn | grep :443

How Do I Test And Debug SSL Certificates From The Shell Prompt?

Use the openssl command as follows:
$ openssl s_client -connect nixcraft.in:443

• See "How To Verify SSL Certificate From A Shell Prompt" for more details.

How Do I Cache Common Files?

Edit nginx.conf and add as follows to cache common files:

location ~* \.(jpg|png|gif|jpeg|css|js|mp3|wav|swf|mov|doc|pdf|xls|ppt|docx|pptx|xlsx)$ {
        proxy_buffering           on;
        proxy_cache_valid 200 120m;
        expires 864000;
}

Save and close the file. Reload nginx:
# nginx -s reload